TEST YOUR VETERINARY KNOWLEDGE

Review questions for those studying for the NAVLE.

QUESTIONS:

1. Which structures are involved in the anatomy of the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

   A) Lateral and dorsal ligaments
   B) Hyaline cartilage disc
   C) Discotemporal and discomandibular compartments
   D) Medial and ventral ligaments
   E) Fibrous cartilage disc

2. What is hip dysplasia characterized by in dogs?

   A) Hypertrophic osteopathy
   B) Osteochondritis dissecans
   C) Subluxation leading to luxation and osteoarthritis
   D) Intervertebral disc disease
   E) Panosteitis

3. What is the ductus arteriosus' primary role in dogs' fetal circulation?

   A) To connect the left atrium and left ventricle
   B) To connect the pulmonary artery with the aorta
   C) To connect the right atrium and right ventricle
   D) To shunt blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava
   E) To provide a direct blood flow from the right ventricle to the left ventricle

4. What are the four tissues that make up the periodontium in dogs?

   A) Enamel, dentin, pulp, gingiva
   B) Gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone
   C) Buccal mucosa, enamel, cementum, alveolar bone
   D) Dentin, pulp, gingiva, buccal mucosa
   E) Alveolar bone, enamel, dentin, periodontal ligament

5. Which structures are part of the podotrochlear apparatus in horses?

   A) Navicular bone, navicular bursa, impar ligament, navicular collateral sesamoidean ligaments, deep digital flexor tendon, distal interphalangeal joint
   B) Proximal sesamoid bones, suspensory ligament, deep digital flexor tendon
   C) Metacarpal bone, proximal and distal phalanges, superficial digital flexor tendon
   D) Talus, calcaneus, tarsal metatarsal ligament
   E) Femur, tibia, patellar ligament, cranial cruciate ligament

6. What is the treatment of choice for dogs diagnosed with a prostatic abscess?

   A) Long-term antibiotic therapy alone
   B) Surgical removal of the necrotic or severely infected glands
   C) Radiation therapy
   D) Chemotherapy
   E) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

7. What is the treatment of choice for canine distemper?

   A) Broad-spectrum antibiotics and balanced electrolyte solutions
   B) NSAIDs and corticosteroids
   C) Antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir
   D) Immunoglobulin therapy
   E) Supportive care, including administration of prophylactic broad-spectrum antimicrobials, provision of balanced electrolyte solutions, parenteral nutrition, antipyretics, analgesics, and anticonvulsants

8. Which drug is considered the treatment of choice for canine blastomycosis?

   A) Amphotericin B
   B) Itraconazole
   C) Fluconazole
   D) Ketoconazole
   E) Clindamycin

9. Which class of drugs is the first choice for acute primary glaucoma in dogs due to its ability to facilitate aqueous humor outflow via an unconventional pathway and potent miotic effect?

   A) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
   B) Beta-adrenergic antagonists
   C) Hyperosmotic agents
   D) Prostaglandin analogs
   E) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

10. Which medication is commonly used to prevent infection and treat simple corneal ulcers in dogs?

    A) Oral antibiotics administered three to four times daily
    B) Topical antibiotic applied three to four times daily
    C) Topical corticosteroids applied as needed
    D) Systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioids for pain control
    E) Topical antifungal every four hours

11. What are the common signs of heart disease in horses?

    A) Inadequate blood flow through organs, leading to symptoms such as tiring quickly and weakness
    B) Blood damming up in poorly drained organs, resulting in fluid accumulation
    C) Abnormally low blood pressure and decreased blood flow to the body
    D) All of the above
    E) None of the above

12. What is the primary function of erythropoietin in animals?

    A) To promote blood clotting
    B) To regulate blood pressure
    C) To stimulate the production of red blood cells
    D) To enhance immune response
    E) To aid in nutrient absorption

ANSWERS:

1. The equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) anatomy includes the disco temporal and disco mandibular compartments, as separated by the fibrocartilaginous disc.

2. Hip dysplasia in dogs is characterized by subluxation leading to luxation and osteoarthritis, the most common coxofemoral joint disease.

3. The correct answer is B) To connect the pulmonary artery with the aorta. The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus's fluid-filled lungs. Upon birth, this vessel typically closes as part of the regular changes occurring in the circulatory system.

4. The correct answer is B) Gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone. These are the four tissues that make up the periodontium in dogs, which supports the teeth.

5. The podotrochlear apparatus in horses includes the navicular bone, navicular bursa, impaired ligament, navicular collateral sesamoid ligaments, the deep digital flexor tendon, and its association with the distal interphalangeal joint.

6. Long-term antibiotic therapy treats dogs diagnosed with prostatic abscesses, mainly when bacterial infections cause the abscess.

7. The treatment of choice for canine distemper involves supportive care, including the administration of prophylactic broad-spectrum antimicrobials, provision of balanced electrolyte solutions, parenteral nutrition, antipyretics, analgesics, and anticonvulsants, as needed based on the clinical signs.

8. The treatment of choice for canine blastomycosis is B) Itraconazole. It is preferred for its effectiveness and fewer side effects than Amphotericin B, which can be more toxic and is generally reserved for more severe cases or when other treatments fail.

9. The correct answer is D) Prostaglandin analogs. These are the first choice for treating acute primary glaucoma in dogs due to their ability to facilitate aqueous humor outflow through unconventional pathways and their potent miotic effects, which help reduce intraocular pressure.

10. Topical antibiotics applied three to four times daily are commonly used to prevent infection and treat superficial corneal ulcers in dogs.

11. The correct answer to the question is D) All of the above. The common signs of heart disease in horses include:

    • Inadequate blood flow through organs leads to symptoms such as tired quickly, weakness, and fainting.

    • Blood dammed up in poorly drained organs, accumulating fluid in the lungs, abdomen, or under the skin.

    • Low output heart failure due to too little blood in tissues to sustain normal function.

    • Congestive heart failure is caused by blood damming up in poorly drained organs.

    • Pulmonary failure due to fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary edema), which prevents the intake of adequate oxygen

      12. Erythropoietin stimulates the production of red blood cells in animals.